Political Subjectivity Theories Analysis

Political subjectivity Theories AnalysisPower, Freedom, Justice Explorations in Political SubjectivityReflective LogsThe take aim of this paper is to reflect on how the future(a) thinkers studied in the mental faculty engaged with Kants imageion of subjectivity. I bequeath address the following thinkers and topic in my reflective logs Arendt, Berlin, Fanon, Marcuse, Foucault, Habermas, Rawis, MacIntyre, Rorty, and New materialism.Immanuel Kant Sapere Aude come across 21st January 2014Kant in his spurt What is discretion? argues that Enlightenment is mans release from his self-incurred tutelage (Kant, 1784). He means that virtuoso pot still become tyro when they keep an eye on the courage to think/reason with erupt the help of new(prenominal)wises.Hannah Arendt Vita ActivaDate 22nd January 2014Hannah Arendt is truly one of the most significant thinkers of the 20th century, and one of the most influential to me in political subjectivity. The German born thinker introd uces the termination vita activa into political subjectivity. She differentiates amidst three basic human activities labour, work, action (Arendt, 2000 p 167-181). These conditions atomic number 18 inf tout ensembleible for a human being in farming to live a life on earth. Labour is delimit as the biological implement of the body, and it is a significant necessity of life. Work maintains a world that is dyed (Arendt, 2000), which is highly differentiated from every days environment. Action is defined by her as the ongoing activity that is non interfered by other things, and she connects this to the plurality of the human position.Arendt suggests that labour is repetitive, which is never ending, period work has an true(a) beginning and an end. fleck action is ongoing as revealing who we argon has a beginning tho no end. Because of this reasoning Action becomes fadeless in her view. Arendt moves forward from the view of Kant as she develops thought to action while Kants view is establish on reflective reasoning.Isaiah Berlin Negative and positive tier FreedomDate 5th February 2014Berlins biggest contribution to political subjectivity was his paper on the differentiation of 2 concepts of liberty. He distinguishes between positive license and shun granting immunity. He defines negative freedom as freedom from (Berlin, 1969 p.2), which implies the absence of jam put on a human being by others. He describes positive freedom on two ways Firstly, as freedom to (Berlin, 1969, p.8.) to be able to reach and seek ones wished goals. Secondly, as being independent, and ruling ones self without depending on other beings the freedom which consists in being ones own insure (Berlin, 1969, p. 8.) Even though, the basic notion of distinguishing different freedoms goes back to the condemnation of Kant, Berlin provided develops these notions, and he became the first to outline the ongoing debate. Berlin also contradicts the views of Arendts, even though he also believes that it is important that a line to be move between the argona of head-to-head life and that of world authority (Berlin, 2002171). While Arendt is a supporter of the freedom in the public athletic field, Berlins freedom is based on the privy sphere, as for him being free is to the degree which no man or body of men interferes with my activity (Berlin, 2002169).Maurice Merleau-Ponty EmbodimentDate twelfth February 2014Maurice Merleau-Ponty argues that a human being cannot isolate himself/herself from the public realm and from the perceptions of the world. He suggests that the actions of an man-to-man are guided by experiences, and subjectivity is established done the body and life experiences of a human being. Merleau-Ponty does not agree with the concept that thinking subject can absorb into its thinking or take over without remainder the object of its thought, and that our being can be brought see to our knowledge (Merleau-Ponty, 196272). For him freedom i s a state of consciousness where personal actions and responsibilities can be chosen from a variety of possibilities. For him freedom is every time provided within a field of possibilities. He suggests that freedom is always an alternative for the being in every situation, unless we give up ourselves and our belonging to the situation. He also goes against the views and arguments of Kant and Descartes who detached the subject, or consciousness, by showing that I could not possibly apprehend anything as existing unless I first of all experienced myself as existing (Merleau-Ponty, 1962x). It is because to Merleau-Ponty it is only through and through the body that he understand other bulk, secure as it is through my body that I perceive things (Merleau-Ponty, 1962216).Herbert Marcuse Agency and StructureDate 19th February 2014Marcuse in his print One-Dimensional military personnel offers a different approach to political subjectivity. In his post-Marxist view he criticise the moder n world and its contemporary capitalism. He addresses the industrial friendship, and he blames this capitalist industrialised civilisation for the going of freedom. Reasonable democratic unfreedom prevails in advanced industrial civilisation (Marcuse, 19641). He suggests that the capitalist world produced a reality with created needs which eventually turned human beings into consumers and producers. This is shaped through the media, the management of consumption and contemporary modes of thought regarding what to consume (Marcuse, 1964). He argues that this results in the loss of the freedom of the individual and the loss of critical thought and the loss of oppositional behaviour. He also worries about the working class as they contain into capitalist world, hence about the disappearance of the revolutionary Marxist society who fights capitalism and the capitalist West.Michel Foucault Subject and PowerDate 26th February 2014The main focus for Foucault has been on the connection between the subject and power. He argues that by power people are turned into subjects (Foucault, 1982777). For Foucault subjectivity is viewed as a way to accomplishment power above others. This is demonstrated through the idea of the Panopticon where in the designed prison, prisoners would not be able to tell whether they are being watched or not. Therefore, they assume that they are being ob be fool hence they act otherwise while under the assumption of observation. He acknowledges the component of fairly enlightened changes in the way of imprisonment, however he argues that these new method of penalisation evolves into the new way in which society is controlled to punish less, perhaps but certainly to punish better (Foucault, 1977109). Schools, hospitals and other central significant buildings are being based on the following model. Therefore, he argues that this relationship enters the private by escalating from the public, and turning individuals into subjects. Foucault als o tries to question and shape the values and elements of Kants Enlightenment via a discussion which should be used as a diverseness of practice, and as motivation to change the way individuals think and act today.Jrgen Habermas Communicative FreedomDate 5th shew 2014Habermas takes the centre of the vigilance to language and to forms of communication. His term for this is lifeworld communications (Habermas, 1987, p.297). He suggests that this communicative sphere has a vital exploit on ones private and public self. Unlike Foucault for Habermas reason must be acknowledged as social. While Foucaults subjectivity is the production of forces of power, Habermas believes that communication in the context of discussion enables individuals to demonstrate their positions in a mutual way. Habermas powerfully believes that language and communication can alter the world, subjectivity and also freedom. A man from his private sphere can communicate their choices to the public sphere through t he tools of communication and speech, while they also listen to the preferences of other private individuals. Habermas has been influence by Kant and Kants ethics, however he argues that his ethical concept is the ameliorate version of the Kantian one. He does not agree with every breaker point of Kant, such as the dual framework of his ethics. For Habermas, righteouss emerge from discussions which are fundamental due to their logic, instead of their freedom.John Rawls Social JusticeDate 12th prove 2014John Rawls is one of the thinkers who has been most influenced by Immanuel Kant. He proposes that a just society is the society that could be fair to all individuals universally. He created a new concept on justice. He mixes the elements of the philosophy of Kant and Utilitarianism in order to create a new method for the judgement of private and public institutions. Rawls proposes the idea of the usage a veil of ignorance (Rawls, 199911). Behind this veil, every individual is inc apable of knowing anything about themselves, resulting in rational, free and equal individuals. He then argues that these rational individuals would create a society where mostly two rationales would be most significant and fundamental formula of Liberty and Principle of Difference. Principle of Liberty is mainly Kantian in the sense that it offers main(a) and commons respect to every individual as the minimum principle for every just establishments. The other one promotes inequality and believes that it will serve every individual for the better.Alasdair MacIntyre Justice in Plural SocietiesDate 19th March 2014MacIntyre has been one of the major critics of Kant and those who are basing their theories on the Kantian model. He believes that the moral views and theses of Kant, Rawls and other thinkers are condemned to fail as they used the old chimerical dialects of morality. These thinkers are doomed to decline as they share certain characteristics that are deriving from their eminently distinct historical background (MacIntyre, 1985). He claims that the surmisal of Rawls that is based on the individual and was influenced by the Kantian model does not realise the significance of the confederation as such. He suggest that the community has a major impact on the life of the individual and it is only possible to create a just society in the public sphere. As he puts it a society is composed of individuals, each with his or her own interest, who then have to come together and formulate common rules of life (MacIntyre, 1981 232-233). He completely refuses to accept the Rawls-Kantian notion where society is middle-level and the individual is primary. He reaffirms that the relationship between me, my social identity, and my good will preclude re-evaluation (MacIntyre, 1982664).Richard Rorty Justice as a Larger Loyalty Date 26th March 2014Rorty is quiet alike MacIntyre, in the sense that individuals have different identities which pose an influence on the be haviour and actions of the individual. Although his thesis is based on the behaviour of public loyalty to certain companies. He realises the limitations of Kants seatalist theory. He suggest that these theories are like mythological stories where the human reason as such was limited. He believes that it is wise to get rid of the respite rationalism that we inherit from the Enlightenment (Rorty, 2001235). His main reason for this is that the elimination of rationalistic rhetoric would allow Western countries to purse the Non-Western areas in the role of soul with an instructive story to tell, rather than in the role of someone purporting to be making better use of a universal human efficiency (Rorty, 2001 235). Finally, he argues that most of the philosophical debates are unnecessary and the centre of attention should not lay on the truth but rather on the betterment of humans.New Materialism Date 2nd April 2014New Materialism and the writer of the article, William Connolly dra ws upon some self-organizing preservation which provide assistance in the foundation of our world. These relating biological, geological and climate systems are seriously undervalued in todays neoliberal economic markets. The reading engages with many influential thinkers and philosophers such as Immanuel Kant, Deacon, Foucault and Hayek. New-materialism reinvents and rethinks the ideology of freedom. Connolly in the reading encourages the left to take back the state and not to relinquish it.Conclusion Date 2nd April 2014To conclude, political subjectivity has been a very interesting module to attend in the hold out semester of my studies. I realised by the end of this tasks that each week my arrangement of the different thinkers have developed significantly through the material provided by the module leader. I have discovered new thinkers in the module and broadened my vision of political subjectivity. It raised some serious questions and discussions which seems to be a never-end ing position while individuals have their own ideas.BibliographyAlasdair MacIntyre (1985) After Virtue, chapter 15, Duckworth, pp. 205-225Arendt, H. (1958) The human race Condition, University of Chicago Press.Arendt, H. (1970) On Violence, Harvest Books.Arendt, H. (2007) Introduction into Politics. In The phone of Politics, ed. Kohn, J. Schocken BooksHerbert Marcuse (1964) One-Dimensional Man, RoutledgeImmanuel Kant (1784) What is Enlightenment?Isaiah Berlin (1969) Two Concepts of Liberty. In Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford University Press OxfordJohn Rawls (2004) On Justice as Fairness. In Clayton and Williams (eds) Social Justice, Blackwell, pps. 49-84, extracts from (1999) Theory of Justice, (revised edition), Harvard University Press (pps. 6-9, 10-19, 52-58, 61-73, 130-39)Jrgen Habermas (1987) An alternative Way out of the Philosophy of the Subject Communicative versus Subject-Centred Reason. In The Philosophical discourse of Modernity, MIT Press (pps. 294-326)Maurice Merleau -Ponty (1958 reprinted 2003) Freedom. In Phenomenology of Perception, Routledge, pp. 504-530Michel Foucault (1977) Panopticism. In Discipline and Punish The stimulate of the PrisonsRichard Rorty (2001) Justice as a Larger Loyalty. In Festenstein, M.Thompson, S. (eds.), Richard Rorty captious Dialogues, Polity Press, pps. 223-237William Connolly (2013) The New Materialism and the Fragility of Things, Millennium Journal of world-wide Studies, Vol. 41, I. 3, pp. 399-412.

Physicochemical Study of Palm Ester for Cosmetic Application

physico chemical Study of touch Ester for Cosmetic operation2.0 Introduction bay wreath crude is extracted from the payoff of anele medallion, Elaeis guineensis. Besides, Malaysia is whizz of the leading exporters and put uprs of decoration anoint in the world (Keng et al., 2005 Palm fossil pet intentum has been widely applied in various industrial sectors due to the uniqueness of its composition (Keng et al., 2009). It consists of triglycerides the conspiracy of glycerol and different fatten upty caustics. Furtherto a greater extent, otherwise medallion embrocate fractions send away be extracted as laurel wreath oil is overflowing in Palmitic tart and Oleic superman (OBrien, 2004). Specifically, in this contract, Palm Olein allow be enforced to produce palm ester rather of the other fractions. ascend esters atomic number 18 one of the near important ingredients in augmentative formulations (Hallberg et al., 1999). The emollient behavior of mount este rs makes it applicable for numerous face-to-face c be products (Peter Robert, 2001). Besides, synthetical substance ways to produced ester has been introduced since inbornly occurring full esters ar limited and expensive (Keng et al., 2009).Thus, in this psychoanalyze lipase-catalyzed reception of Palm Olein and Oleyl alcoholic drink by using immobilized lipase provide be carried come out of the closet in revise of battle to combine ride esters (palm ester). physicochemical study as well as thermal st talent will excessively be conducted since the characterization of esters is important in order to examine their effectiveness in industrial applications.3.0 Literature Review3.1 WaxesIn general, the mixture of huge-chain of lipid forming a protective coating on kit and boodle leaves and animals is waxes (Keng et al., 2005). Besides, it has been use commercially in many atomic number 18as. Lubri washstandts, polishes, coating materials are some of its applicati ons (Hamilton, 1995 Hallberg et al., 1999).Carnuba wax, beeswax, wool wax and spermaceti wax are some examples of waxes that exist naturally. Animals, plants and minerals are the source of natural waxes (Gunawan et al., 2005). Thus, waxes jackpot be classified into two types which are natural waxes and synthetic waxes.3.1.1 cancel WaxesSperm whale oil is one of the natural waxes and it can be found in the open ocean. Years ago, the whale species of P. macrocephalaus was a top source of wax. This is because of the unstable wax called spermaceti that contained in the head of the whale (Rice, 2009). The liquid wax is present abundantly in the spermaceti organ of the whales. Moreover, manufacturers found that spermaceti is real reclaimable (Whale facts, 10 November 2014). It is a great substance that can be employ in many sectors. However, due to the extinction of this species, the government has proscribed all the whale hunting. Thus, jojoba oil has wrick the main natural sourc es of wax since the cessation of whale hunting (Keng et al., 2009).Other than that, Jojoba is a shrub which can be found in Arizona, Mexico and some other areas (Allawzi et al., 1997). The seed of the Simmondsia chinesia (jojoba) plant contain a unique oil which known as jojoba oil. Besides, jojoba oil makes up approximately 50% of the seeds cargo. It is composed of the at once chain monoesters of the monounsaturated C20and C22 alcohols and acids (Wisniak, 1994). Furthermore, the uniqueness of jojoba oil is due to its chemical composition. It contains a teeny-weeny or no glycerin. As the glycerin is al roughly completely absence, it indicates that jojoba differs from the other seed oil. It is proved that it is a liquid wax not fat.3.2.2 synthetical WaxesDay by day, the demands of waxes assert ricking. Unfortunately, it is too expensive for large-scale use of natural waxes like jojoba oil. Moreover, it requires up to 5 years for commercial jojoba woodlets to lolly produce seed s (Keng et al., 2009). Thus, ways to synthesize wax with cheaper materials and in shorter time become very crutial (Radzi et al., 2005). In order to synthesize synthetic wax, chemical and enzymatic rules can be utilise (Keng et al., 2005). However, chemical-catalyzed method may leads to high vital force consumption and degradation of esters whereas the enzymatic discount offers mild reactions and environmental-friendly process (Yadav Lathi, 2003).Normally, synthetic waxes are used in cosmetics formulations as replacement of natural waxes. man-made waxes from natural raw materials have not much different from the natural ones. Synthetic beeswax, synthetic spermaceti, polyethylene waxes and polawax are the examples of synthetic waxes (SpecialChem, 8 November 2014)3.2.3 Wax EsterThe long chain of esters that derived from oleaginous acids and alcohols are referred as wax esters (Chen Wang, 1997). The chemical structure of wax ester is shown in honey oil fig tree 1 below. Typic ally, it is composed of n-alkanoic acids and n-alkan-1-ols with carbon atoms ranging from C12-C32 (Misra Ghosh, 1991). Wax esters are very important in various industries, sparely in cosmetic formulations. This is due to its characteristics which are non-irritating and non-greasy feeling when in amour with skin (Peter Robert, 2001). Figure 1 The Chemical Structure of Wax Ester (AOCS lipid library, 10 November)Wax ester can be extracted from animals and plants. Besides, it is a major luck of beeswax and jojoba plants. Hence, its cant be deny that the inception of wax ester from natural sources are expensive for commercial use and it is limited (Keng et al., 2005)3.2 Palm OilIn early 1870, the oil palm channelise (Elaeis guineensis) has been introduced in Malaysia as an ornamental plant by British (Malaysian palm oil council, 11 November 2014). The oil palm tree originates from West Africa (Hartley, 1988). Typically, it has been used as cooking oil. As this plant can be comme rcialized, it has in addition been introduced to many other countries. From wild plant, it was developed into an agricultural crop. Moreover, the expansion of its plantation was due to the high demands from the consumers. Figure 2 below shows the oil palm tree as an agricultural crop.Figure 2 The Oil Palm Tree (Wikipedia Palm Oil, 12 November 2014)The first commercial of oil palm in Malaysia was founded on 1917 (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 11 November 2014). From that onwards, the huge palm oil industry in Malaysia had started. Recently, palm oil, the extraction from the fruit of oil palm is the leading agricultural crop of Malaysia (MPOB, 2004). Besides, Malaysia has been announced as one of the largest producers and exporters of palm oil in the world (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 11 November 2014). The uniqueness of palm oil composition makes it easy to be commercialized. In addition, it has been applied in many industrial sectors such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic formulations and food manufacturing (Keng et al, 2005).In Malaysia, the oil palm trees planted are the interbreed of dura and pisifera, known as tenera variety (Latiff, 2000). The mature trees will grow up to 20m tall. The size of the palm fruits is approximately the same with the size of the beautiful plum and its grow in circlees. The weight of each bunch is between 10-50 kilograms and containing around 2000 individual fruits. Usually, the oil palm tree will start to produce fruits after 30 months. Its productivity will keep growing for the next 3 decades (Palm oil world, 11 November 2014).Normally, the fruits are sad purple and almost black (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 11 November 2014). The likeness will turns to reddish orange when ripe. The fruits consist of an outer pulp and marrows (Gunstone, 2001). The fruit of palm tree is the source of two different oils. Palm oil and palm essence oil are the types of oil that can be obtained from the fruit of oil palm tree (Malaysian Palm Oil Coun cil, 11 November 2014). The outer pulp contains palm oil while palm kernel oil is obtained from the kernel of the fruit. Even though these two types of oil are derived from the same plant, they are completely different by comparing their characteristics and properties (Keng et al, 2009). Figure 3 below shows the fruit bunches of oil palm tree and its bollix section.Figure 3 The Fruit Bunches of Oil Palm Tree and Its pl low Section. (Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 12 November 2014)Furthermore, palm oil consists of triglycerides. Triglycerides are a combination of glycerol and different fat acids. Palm oil is privileged in palmitic acid and oleic acid, while palm kernel oil is rich lauric acid (OBrien, 2004). Besides, these fats can be fractionated into solid and liquid fractions to produce stearins and oleins, on an individual basis (Keng et al, 2009).Even though Lipase-catalyzed reaction of palm oil and palm kernel oil by using lipase are quite simple, the characterization of long c hain esters is significant in order to examine their ability and talent in industrial sector. Palm Olein, the liquid fraction of palm oil will be used in the synthesis of palm ester instead of the other fractions (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 12 November 2014). Thus, the synthesis, physicochemical properties and thermal stableness of palm ester will be carried out specifically focusing on alm Olein.3.3 EnzymesHuman body is characterized by complex system of related chemical reaction. Besides, the reaction must be fully controlled in order to harbor life. Thus, enzymes are necessary for many reactions to confirm that it occur at fitted rates (Brown et al., 2012). Enzyme is a substance that advances up reactions without any permanent changes and excessively known as catalyst. The building blocks of enzymes are amino acids and they are proteins.Enzyme catalyzes reaction takes place at specific location known as participating site. Usually, enzymes are specific according to the rea ction they catalyzed and the substrate that involves in the reaction. However, unwelcoming inhibitors are naturally occurring and disturb the enzyme reaction. Since enzymes are flexible, the active site is continuously reshaped. Besides, the combination of enzyme and substrate is called the enzyme-substrate complex. As the enzymes react with many substrates, the rigid lock and primeval exemplification is not valid. In 1958, the modification of lock and key influence has been proposed. Figure 4 below shows the modification of lock and key model (Koshland, 1958).Figure 4 The Lock and Key Model (Wikipedia, 11 November 2014)3.3.1 LipasesLipases are water-soluble enzyme and its able to catalyze both hydrolytic and synthetic reaction. Lipases are widely used in many sectors. They play an important role in the production of leather, detergent industries and in production of surfactants (Knezevic et al., 2004). Naturally, lipases are used in hydrolysis of acylglycerides. However, they ar e useful in many other reactions. In fact, lipases are qualified of catalyzing the reverse reaction synthesis Due to its ability to combine with broad range of substrate specificity (Gandhi, 1997). Besides, some lipases are more suited for synthesis than hydrolysis reactions.3.3.2 Immobilized LipasesLipases used in detergents and many other applications are not immobilized. However, due to an increasing specialty application of lipases demand an immobilized biocatalyst for effectual use (Sharma et al., 2001). Besides, immobilized lipase can reduce the cost and poor stability of broad lipase. Adsorption, covalent binding and entrapping are some of the immobilization techniques (Knezeic et al., 2004).Since the immobilization method is typically accompanied by changes in enzymatic activity, pH, temperature and stability, each of the methods has its advantages and disadvantages. Besides, the used of immobilized lipases are very useful in the pharmaceutical, oleochemical and food indus try (Knezevic et al., 2004).3.4 Lipase-Catalyzed chemical reactionLipase-catalyzed reaction can be classified into two main categories which are hydrolysis and synthesis. Synthesis category can be further separated into esterification, interesterification, alcoholysis and acidolysis. give in 1 below shows the classification of lipase-catalyzed reaction.Table 1 The Classification of Lipase-Catalyzed reply (Gandhi, 1997)In this experiment, alcoholysis of lipase-catalyzed reaction will be conducted. It is also called enzymatic transesterification as the last three reactions (interesterifiction, alcohoysis and acidolysis) are grouped together into single consideration which is transesterification (Gandhi, 1997).3.5 Oleyl AlcoholOleyl alcohol is long chain fatty acids. Fatty acids can be derived from natural fats and oils. Besides, it can be found I shout fat as well as fish oils. Cis-9-Octadecen-1-ol and Oleo alcohol are the synonyms name of oleyl alcohol. The chemical formula of ol eyl alcohol is CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH2OH. Moreover, oleyl alcohol is a clear oily liquid and insoluble in water (chemicalland21, 10 November 2014).Furthermore, fatty alcohols are emulsifiers and emollients to make skin smoother and prevent moisture loss (chemicalland21, 10 November 2014). Hence, it has been used widely as raw materials in industrial sectors such as cosmetics, pharmaceutical, metal processing and lube additive. In this study, Oleyl alcohol will be used as internal model of gas chromatography analyses. The chemical structure of oleyl alcohol is shown in Figure 5Figure 5 The Chemical Structure Of Oleyl Alcohol (chemicalland21, 10 November 2014)3.6 The Application of physicochemical Study in Cosmetic FormulationsNowadays, industrial cosmetic has immerged on with the advancement of global technology. The development of new cosmetic formulations is due to the baring of active component in herbs and other natural sources. Thus, study has been through with(p) in order to investigate the chemical composition and characteristics of the active components.3.6.1 Physicochemical StudyAccording to Brasil (2004), physicochemical study is the determinant feeling in the development of cosmetic formulations. Physicochemical study is the study of the dealings between composition and physical properties of the elements. Besides, this study is significant in order to know the intrinsic properties of elements and their ability to react with specific reagent (High Technology undercover work Systems, 12 November 2014). Slip melt down point, refractive force, saponification regard as, iodine value and acid value are the physicochemical measurement that will be analyse in this study.Slip liquescent point is one of the physical properties which is useful in identification purposes and assessment of purity. Its proportional to the increase in chain aloofness and degree of saturation. In addition, slip melting points fats unremarkably contain 5% solid fat th us slip melting point generally happens at lower temperature than the melting point of the fat itself (Akoh et al., 2004).The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed in the medium is known as the refractive tycoon. Besides, refractive index is easily determined characteristics of fats, oils and their derivatives. It is important to obtain an accurate refractive index for the purposes of identification and for the progress of reaction like catalytic and isomerization. Generally, for the liquid oils, the dumbness increases with increase in unsaturation and decreases with the increase in molecular weight at constant temperature. On the other hand, the refractive index will increases with the length of hydrocarbon chain and when the number of double bonds in molecules increase (Formo, 1999).Saponification is hydrolysis of ester under saltlike solution. Saponification value is the measure of chain length of all fatty acids present. The saponification value of an oil or fa t is defined as the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the fatty acids resulting from the complete hydrolysis of 1 g of the sample. Besides, low saponification value is found from the long chain fatty acids due to the fewer number of carboxylic functional groups (Virtual Amrita Laboratories Universalizing Education, 13 November 2014).For the ace value, it measures the content of unsaturation or double bonds of fats and oils. Besides, it is one of the parameters used to measure the prize of olein (Buana et al., 1998). The iodine value also denotes the percentage by weight halogen, calculated as iodine and absorbed under the condition of the test. It is evince as the number of iodine (grams) absorbed by the fat (100 grams) under test condition. According to OBrien (1988), iodine value is a of import constant that can be easily determined for fats and oils.One of the common parameter used in specification of fats and oils is acid value. It is defined as the number of milligrams potassium hydroxide needed to neutralize the free acid in one gram of sample. Besides, it is a measure of free fatty acids present in the fat or oil (chemprime, 13 November 2014).3.6.2 Applications in CosmeticSince ancient times, natural extracts from animals, plants and minerals have been used as special ingredients in cosmetics (Elsner Maibach, 2000). Wax esters are formulated in numerous personal care products due to its emollient behavior. Due to that, proper study on its characteristics is as important as the synthesis reaction (Keng et al., 2009). Besides, one of the most essential phases in development of new cosmetic formulations is the adequate physicochemical characterization to guarantee the identification of new patentable compound (Crystal Engineering, 12 November 2014).Physicochemical study is not a visible nor directly applied in cosmetic. However, the determination of each properties of physicochemical study is important in order to cuss the co mpatibility of the extraction of palm oil for cosmetic application. Besides, it is important to verify whether the cosmetics are safe to be used. Hence, in this study the physicochemical properties of palm oil fraction focusing on palm olein will be carried out.4.0 Problem StatementCurrently, most of the chemical product derived from synthetic origin. However, product produced from chemical synthesis is not pure and involved dotty chemicals. Thus, enzymatic reaction is preferable due to green synthesis process, environmental friendly and the product is pure.Physicochemical study is important in cosmetic formulations. However, rarely study on physicochemical had been reported in daybook and any research paper. Due to that, in this research, a physicochemical study will be carried out such as slip melting point, refractive index, saponification value, iodine value, and acid stability. Besides, thermal stability will also be carried out in this research.Nowadays, a lot of synthesize d products had been produce. However, the verification of those products was rarely reported. Hence, in this study, the synthesized product will be verified using spectroscopic analysis methods such as thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC).5.0 ObjectivesIn this study, the synthesis of palm ester will be carried out. Enzymatic synthesis will be applied in order to produce palm ester. Besides, the physicochemical study will be conducted in order to apply palm ester in cosmetics. Therefore, this particular work will be carried out with the following objectivesTo synthesize palm ester through enzymatic transesterification.To investigate the physicochemical properties and thermal stability of palm ester.To verify the synthesized palm ester using spectroscopy methods.

Similes in Literature and Daily Life

illustrations in literary works and Daily LifeNGUYEN THI HONGAbstractThe assignment aims at exemplifying, analyzing and describing the reference point and wreak of the wile of allegory in works. It foc mappings on the occurrence of figural de helpry in standard English as well as in Vietnamese. The paper is chiefly based on Kleisers manakin. Data analysis is by with(p) qualitatively with descriptive method. An overview of the paper is to exemplify and explain models with the purpose of telltale(a) the character and the have of the allegory on showing expressions.1. Introduction all public speaker, writer, poet or musician knows the value of the allegory to give colou giveress material and color to his style of expressions. The fable has longsighted been recognized as a enjoymentful element of expression. This proficiency is broadly employ in prose, poetry, folk-song or even in report and magazine. The research takes examples from various works of far-famed wr iters as well as from peasant sayings in chance(a) conversations. The priming coat for choosing these sources lies in the fact that the means of simile is efficient non completely in literary works moreover withal in daily life. In fact, if you wish to increase freshness, originality, vividness and accuracy on your pen and spoken language, then you should map the art of simile.2. A review of ideal and classification2.1. What argon similes?Simile and the partaked reciprocation similar come with from the Latin similis, center worry. A simile is a experience of war crys which is extensively physical exercised in verbal language and which has long been recognized as a useful element of expression. consort to Cleary (2009), a simile is a comparison amid dickens un akin issues that use a c are(p) or as. Cuddon (2013) defined simile in this wayA fingers breadth of speech in which wholeness thing is likened to an early(a), in such a way as to clarify and enh ance an image. It is an explicit comparison ( as opposed to the metaphor, q.v., where the comparison is unsaid) recognizable by the use of the words like or as. It is equally common in prose and versify and is a figurative device of great antiquity (Cuddon, 2013).A simile is a take to of speech that institutionalizely equalitys dickens things by using connecting words such as like, as or than as in He is like a lion or in Ting sui trong nh ting ht xa/ Trng lng c th bng lng hoa in Vietnamese. In fact, simile is always the product either of the ensure or of the imagination.Similes are similar to metaphors in that they are two forms of comparison, but similes compare the two ideas whilst they remain separate by using connecting words ( like, as, so, than or various verbs such as resemble), whereas a metaphor compare two things directly. Although a comparison in the midst of simile and metaphor will be made, here is just ace exampleSimile Abook is like a garden carried in t he pocket. illustration A book is a garden carried in the pocket.Obviously, the presence or absence of and word separates a simile from a metaphor. The similarities and differences will be discussed later. Now we focus on forms and lovable of similes as well as the effects of simile on showing expression.2.2. Classification of similes.Similes have variant types and classifications, too. Bredin remarked ab issue a plate going from the close to stereotyped to the most creative similes. At virtuoso entire is situated the conventionalized and fixed similes, and at the other extreme is the creative similes. Between the two extremes, standard (ordinary) and original (fresh, but not totally unexpected) similes screw be descendtled.Ortony (1993) offered a semantic distinction between literal and non-literal similes. In non-literal similes, topic and vehicle are not cruciate and the similarity markers good deal be dropped, but in literal similes, the wrong can be reversed and the s imilarity markers can not be dropped.Another classification by Fromilhague has offered a distinction between quarry similes, originating from concrete physical experience, and subjective similes, stemming from individual association mechanisms. He besides explains explicit and implicit similes which are the basis of this article. In explicit simile, disposition or point of similarity is carryd directly. Most of the sentences with asas structures are of this kind as in as light as feather or in as hot as fire. unuttered simile, however, is the unmatched whose sense is not stated directly and leave the lode of interpretation to the reader. Most words with like are of this types as in eat like a bird or in live like a pig.These types of simile can also be adapted, slip awayn-out or cut. Often a writer will slide the prevalent expressions into hot like an oven or oven-hot or with the heat of an oven or rough other phrases. To avoid clich and extend the image though this has to be through with caution a writer might take a simile like she looked like an angel and change it to she looked like an angel, full of its melancholy for humankind the idea being to give the object of reference more(prenominal) detail in order to light upon the image more complex.2.3. Functions of simile.A simile is a figure of speech that sterilises a comparison, showing similarities between two different things. We can find simile examples in our daily speech. We often hear comments like John is as slow as a snail. Snails are notorious for their slow pace and here the subnormality of John is compared to that of a snail. The use of as in the example helps to draw the resemblance.Simile inputs vividness into what we say. Authors and poets implement comparisons to convey their sentiments and musical themes through vivid word pictorial matters like a simile. Some examples are given below I would have given anything for the power to soothe her frail soul, tormenting it self in its unconquerable ignorance like a small bird beating about the criminal wires of a detain. The lines have been taken from Lord Jim written by Joseph Conrad. The weakness of the soul is being compared with a bird in a cage beating itself against the merciless wires of the cage, to be free.In To the Lighthouse, Virginia Woolf compares the velocity of her thoughts about the two men with that of spoken words impressions poured in upon her of those two men, and to follow her thought was like following a voice which speaks too quickly to be taken d profess by matchlessnesss pencil. She says both are difficult to follow and cannot be copied in words by a pencil.The first verse in A red, red rose by Robert burn is a well-known simileO my Luves like a red, red roseThats saucilyly sprung in juneO my Luves like the melodiesThats sweetly playd in tune.Robert Burns uses a simile to describe the beaut of his beloved. He says that his love is a fresh red rose that blossoms in th e spring.Some similes are effectuate in daily life such as as quick as a bee comparing both(prenominal)bodys level of energy to a fast-flying bee or as agile as a monkey implying some superstar can move as well as a monkey.According to Fromilhague, similes have various functions. Firstly, they serve to communicate concisely and efficiently. They are one of a set of linguistic devices which extend the linguistic resources available. Secondly, they can function as cognitive tools for thought in that they enable us to specify of the world in alternative ways.Simile can be an first-class way for an author either to make an unusual thing expect more familiar like The planet Zenoth was as cold as ice or a familiar thing seem more unique as in Her smile was jagged like a broken zipper. In this way, similes can help the reader deem the simulated world of a piece of literature. Good similes can also make readers think about things in a new way, and can sometimes create a lasting effect. Scottish poet Robert Burnss declaration that his luves like a red, red rose forever linked the concepts of love and red roses in our minds.Simile can help to make new connections for the reader. One of literatures purposes is to help better explain the world around us, and the technique of simile is one of those ways in which we are able to see things in a new way. in all types of analogies are cognitive processes of transferring meaning from one thing to another, and thus the use of simile in literature has real synaptic effects. For this reason, and for aesthetic purposes, simile has been a popular literary technique for many an(prenominal) hundreds of years.From the above discussion, we can infer the function of similes both in our usual life as well as in literature. Similes can make our language more descriptive and enjoyable. Writers, poets, and songwriters make use of similes often to adjoin depth and emphasize what they are trying to convey to the reader or liste ner. Similes can be funny, serious, mean, or creative. Using similes attracts the attention and appeals directly to the senses of listeners or readers encouraging their imagination to comprehend what is being communicated. In addition, it inspires life-like quality in our daily talks and in the characters of fiction or poetry. Simile allows readers to relate the feelings of a writer or a poet to their personal experiences. Therefore, the use of similes makes it easier for the readers to get a line the subject matter of a literary text, which may have been otherwise too demanding to be comprehended. Like metaphors, similes also offer variety in our ways of thinking and offers new perspectives of viewing the world.2.4. Similes and metaphors.It would be a misapprehension to leave the subject of simile without a word about metaphor. The word metaphor derives from two Greek roots meta, meaning over, beyond and pheiren, meaning to carry, transfer. According to the American Heritage Dictionary, a metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison. In literary texts, simile is used with metaphors to enhance the effect and saucer of the text. As metaphor is a covert comparison, simile is an overt one which explicitly and precisely explains the object and it is the first and simplest method for conveying the beauty of message which is used in poetry, prose and also usual conversations. Simile is a great deal less investigated than metaphor, although it occurs as frequently in discourse. It can have an affirmative or a negative form the affirmative form asserts similitude between the entities compared, as the sun is like an orange and the negative one denies likeness, as the sun is not like an orange.Similes share with metaphors the goal of relating one thing to another, but they do it in a slightly different way. Look at the exampleSimile Simon is lik e a rocket. parable Simon is a rocket around the circuit.The presence or absence of only one word separates a simile from a metaphor. And because of the words like or as, it is classified as a simile. It is self-evident that in a simile, there is an explicit comparison-one thing is said to be like something else. In a metaphor, there is no comparison because the two things are hardened as identical ( an implicit comparison).In addition to like or as, several other words and expressions indicate the presence of a simile. A common one is than, as in faster than a step on it bullet or sharper than a serpents tooth. Here are some more expressions that signal the use of a simileis similar tomay be compared tois akin tois comparable toputs one in mind ofis a kind ofas thoughcan be likened tois the same asis not unlikeis not non-homogeneous tomay be seen asIn the world of figurative language, similes have long taken a back seat to the more glamorous metaphor. Similes are similar to m etaphors in that they are both forms of comparison, but similes compare the two ideas whilst they remain separate, whereas a metaphor compares two things directly.3. Aims and objectives of the studyThe study aims at exemplifying and analizing models with the purpose of revealing the character and the effects of the simile on showing expressions. Accordingly, the paper tells you how to use the simile, the form and kind to use, and when to avoid it through risk of artificicality and the danger of becoming trite and obvious.4. Research methodology4.1. sample of the study.The paper takes examples from the books of many well-known writers. These examples are chosen carefully which are suitable for each aspect. The models are either sentences in stories or verses in poems, thus they are short and each does not exceed 40 words.4.2. Theorical framework.The theorical framework of the study is based on Kleiser (1925) and other authors like Grothe (2008) and Alm-Arvius (2003). However, Kleise rs framework is chiefly used.4.3. The uses of similes.The simile is generally regarded as a excellently poetic accessory-as an artifice which, belonging to the realm of poetry, is sometimes divorced from its proper family relationship and forced into the association of prose. Simile is always the product either of the fancy or of the imagination, and is because a poetic attribute. Still, simile is a poetic invest mainly, and the similes that leap to ones mind when one hears the word mentioned are almost always taken from famous poems. Simile is an imaginative, and therefore poetic, means of bounteous a vivid description.Kleiser (1925) claimed that there are tetrad main uses of simile, including pure description, association, ornamentation and the effect of proverbial wisdom. We will take these uses in order.4.3.1. stringently descriptive.The use for description is the chief use of simile. Generally speaking, descriptive passages are of three kinds-of persons, of interiors, a nd of vivid scenery. Simile is the most effective in instinctive scenery. Conrad is a master in using similes in his works. His similes are extremely well-grounded. They are easily at a lower placestood even by those who have never seen the sights he is describing and they are extraordinarily beautiful giving you the picture he is attempting to convey far more truly and far more vividly than any number of pure descriptions could do. Take an example from Lord JimThe fresh moon, recurved and shining low in the west, was like a exquisite grazing thrown up from a bar of gold, and the Arabian Sea, legato and cool to the eye like a sheet of folderol, extended its meliorate level to the perfect circle of a dark horizon (Conrad, 2005).He made a comparison between the young moon and a slender shaving thrown up from a bar of gold. By using the mean of simile, the author painted a perfect picture about the beauty of the moon. Similarly, that the Arabian Sea is compared with a s heet of glass shows an extremely calm and lissom stream. The excellent simile draws a natural picture vividly and perfectly.Descriptions of people are often given both very vividly and very briefly by using the technique of simile. Take this from The gift of the Magi of O. Henry- an American writer of short stories Dellas beautiful whisker fell about her rippling and shining like a descend of cook waters. The comparation between Dellas beautiful hair with a cascade of brown waters describes very long, very soft and smooth hair.Each of these passages conveys a description by means of a simile which could not possibly be as effectively made in any other way. The technique of simile allows readers to make his own picture, and so conveys ti him his own individual interpretation of the scene you are trying to present.4.3.2. Associative.The second use of simile is nearly as important as that of pure direct description. Kleiser (1925) claimed that it is this, to suggest by means of the simile employed the hidden character of the thing you are describing. Thus O. Henry, in The gift of the Magi, describing Jims surprise when comprehend Dellas hair, says Jim stopped inside the door, as immovable as a typesetter at the scent of quail (Henry, 1906). Della-Jims wife-has a very long and smooth hair. However, she sold her beautiful hair to buy a gift for Jim on Christmas- a platinum fob chain simple and chaste in design. Absurdly, Jim sold his gold watch that had been his fathers and his grandfathers to buy a present for his wife-the set of combs. Jims attitude shows a sacrifice and true love to his wife.4.3.3. Ornament.According to Kleiser, ornament simile is a quite legitimate but sometimes a simile put in merely to improve the rhythm of a sentence, or to enhance the effect of a description already given, is justify by its result but the dangers are obvious. The ornament use of simile is particularly effective in a story written in a rather bare, straightforw ard style the sudden introduction of a particularly apt simile arrests the attention, and forces the reader to take particular card of the passage in which it occurs. Similarly, it is very effective to recur to a simile already made in order to recall the circumstances under which it was first made. For instance, in Lord Jim, when the author wishes to remind the reader of the state of mind of his hero on an earlier occasion without putting it in so many words, he again refers to the thin gold shaving of the moon and the sea like a sheet of ice.4.3.4. Proverbial.Simile is used very largely by country folk and peasants of all lands, but their similes are of a very particular kind, and to get your effect you moldiness know exactly the kind of thing that peasants say. As slow as turtle, for instance, is a peasant saying in thousands of the vitamin C, and it has the true elemental ring it might be found in fairy tales. The simile is a good way of achieving your effect if you are sp eaking of peasant life, for it is one of the poetic beauties of genuine peasant speech but it must be such similes as would naturally occur to a cowherd or a fisherman or a washerwoman.Simile is an important technique in most works therefore, to make a good use of simile, you should watch the similes that occur to you instinctively, try to compare the people and things you see every day to something that will at once give a good idea of the real object and at the same time be original for you must at all costs avoid the obvious simile, which is mere waste of time. Morever, when you have both sifted your inspired similes and carefully created them out of your fancy and your observation, you should read those authors who are especially successful in the art of simile, noticing how they obtain their effects.5. Results and discussionFrom the above analyses, we can see that almost writers and poets utilize the means of simile in their works. In addition, every one also uses similes in d aily conversations and even many similes last in thousands of century and become typical similes in life as as alert as a rabbit or as busy as a bee. It is indisputable that similes play an important role in enhancing the effects of expressions. They can make our language more descriptive and enjoyable. Besides, they can add depth and emphasize what the authors are trying to convey to the readers or the listeners. However, the uses of similes can be confusing to people who are not fluent in a given language because they will interpret the words literally. Also, similes can change from region to region, and even among groups of people.6. SummaryThis study on similes and their use has exemplified and analyzed proses and verses as well as peasant sayings to discover four uses of similes. Pure description, association, arnamentation, and proverb are main uses of similes in which the first is the most important. So, too, the study suggest the ways to make a good simile and avoid bad s imiles. Types of simile are also showed and especially, metaphors are mentioned in order that people are not confused among the two notions. All types of analogies are cognitive processes of transferring meaning from one thing to another, and thus the use of simile in literature has real synaptic effects. For this reason, and for aesthetic purposes, simile has been a popular literary technique for many hundreds of years.7. ImplicationSimile can be an excellent way for an author either to make an unusual thing seem more familiar or an fimiliar thing seem more unique. In this way, similes can help the reader imagine the fictive world of a piece of literature. Good similes should be therefore made to make readers think about things in a new way.REFERENCEAlm-Arvius, C. (2003). Figures of speech.Cleary, B. P. (2009). Skin like milk, hair of silk.Conrad, J. (2005). Lord Jim.Cuddon, J. A. (2013). A mental lexicon of literary terms and literary theory.Grothe, M. (2008). I never metaphor I d idnt like A comprehensive compilation of historys greatest analogies, metaphors, and similes.Henry, O. (1906). The gift of the Magi.Kleiser, G. (1925). Similes and their use.Ortony, A. (1993). Metaphor and Thought.

The Five Pillars Of Islam Are Mandatory Duties

The quintet Pillars Of Islam Are Mandatory DutiesThe phoebe bird Pillars of Islam ar mandatory duties that are c any for of each and every Moslem to perform. These duties assistance to make Muslim philiaual beliefs concrete reality. Many people across the world confuse Muslim unity with terrorism. People are quick to assume that when Muslims start to unite, that they are planning to attack. This misconception can be dismissed if star takes the magazine to run dget and understand the Five Pillars of Islam. Since the account book c integritys only in all told Muslims that there is only one perfection, there is no division among Islam as to a trinity of Gods as in with Christianity (Hanson). Thus the invest of the Five Pillars of Islam helps to create a smack of unity among Muslims.In order to fully understand how the pillars create this sense impression of unity, origin one mustiness know what each pillar is and what the employment requires. The first pillar is c alled Shahadah. This pillar is the most practice, but, yet, it is constantly help the Muslim to profess their allegiance to Allah God. Shahadah consists of two parts- a negation and an affirmation (Emerick, 2002). In this first pillar, the phrase, in that respect is no god except Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah is recited multiple clock a day. This pillar is basically where an individual is ordered to think and plow from a heart and hear that is united with Allah. No one is to cede any separate thoughts or remarks that either discredits or is against the teachings of Allah through his oracle Muhammad (Hoffert, 2009). With this pillar, there is unity among Muslims because Islam teaches to lead a moral conduct and to modify the lives of all living things.The second pillar, Salat, has the most direct impact on Muslim daily life. Salat in Arabic means ingathering (Fluehr-Lobban, 2004) which is performed five times a day. Around the world, this joint facing of Mecca fo r supplication unites all Muslims into a single world family (Hoffert, 2009). These times of prayer helps Muslims to anticipate for strength and patience so that they can work alongside an some other(prenominal) Muslims to become one with Allah. Another guidance that this pillar unites Muslims is when prayer time approaches, many Muslims go to the mosques together to pray as one, since in the devotion of Islam, the focus is always on being of one discernment and spirit with Allah. This is common in most Arabic countries. However, any clean situation dedicated to Muslim prayer can serve as the aloofness in a mosque (Firestone, 2008). Fridays are typically when many practicing Muslims gather in mosques for communal prayer. They are led by the imam of the mosque. Prayers of Muslims whether at their own home or in a mosque, is an additional manner on how the Five Pillars of Islam creates a sense of Muslim unity.Zakat, the third pillar, is a certificate of indebtedness similar t o paying tithes in Christian churches. However, there is a extensive difference. Another name for zakat is alms tax (Trueblood, 2010). With this pillar, the requirement is for each Muslim to concord up a portion of their savings in order to help the poor. An Moslem government even has the task of imposing this tax on its citizens and using the collected bullion for welfare and social programs for the less fortunate. (Emerick, 2002) Zakat is a way to worship Allah and provide service to the Islamic community. As the Quran teaches the Muslim people that everyone must give a portion of your pay in order to help out fellow Muslims who are in need. As with non-Islamic people, this practice is also done, but with some variances. To Muslims, the giving of in the midst of 2.5 and 10 percent of his/her earnings provides money to those with less in the Islamic community (Firestone, 2008). This practice is designed to help balance any inequalities in wealth amongst Muslims. What greater way to unify a community than ensuring that all people are able to provide for their family? This has always been the way of life for Muslims.The fourth pillar is Saum, or fasting. Fasting for Muslims, especially during Ramadan, is a way to become better enlightened. It is a time to where one gets their body and mind back on track and focused on Allah. Where this pillar could possibly help with Muslim unity is when at night, after the last schedule prayer, people go to the mosques and pray with a congregation. During this time, the Imam leads all the self-possessed Muslims through a special prayer for Ramadan called Salah al-Tarawih (Emerick, 2002).The fifth pillar, called Hajj, is a requirement that every Muslim have to complete at least(prenominal) once in their lifetime. There are many rituals that have to be completed in order to fulfill this pillar. Every year more than than 1.5 million Muslims perform Haj at Kaba. This large gathering of Muslims of all races and cultures promotes the international brotherhood and reflects that all Muslims are alike and equal in the sight of God (Hussain, 2003). Only Muslims who are financially, physically, and mentally stable to tooth root the journey are required to go. There is no borrowing of funds by anyone. This pilgrimage, as it is called, is the true display of obedience to Allah. This act (or pillar) is of radical importance because during this journey the end result of completing all ritual parts is complete and total cleanse of all sins (Hussain, 2003).Mecca is the central dismantle of all Islamic relations. This is the place to where the journey of the fifth pillar brings all Muslims who are able to perform the rituals. This was the place, according to the Quran, where Abraham was directed by God to go to build the great temple for worship (Fluehr-Lobban, 2004). The temple, to this day, is known as the place to where all Muslims, as mentioned earlier, unite together for the common practice of worshippi ng Allah and being made innocent (Hussain, 2003).Muslim unity could be compared to a fraternity at one of the colleges. Muslims are in close ties with other Muslims and ensure that everyone is of equal qualities of life. Contrary to the beliefs of those not affiliated with Islam, Muslims are taught not to be of violent nature. Being violent amongst one another or against other living things is not living in the one mind and spirit of Allah. Those that do these things are the ones who have individualistic views and are altogether out to disrupt the unity within the Islamic culture. The Quran does teach Muslims to unite and protect the Islamic community against threats, but not to deliberately hurt those that do not pose a threat. True Muslims, who are continually practicing these five pillars, are more concerned with uniting all cultures and living things than destroying them.The goals of the Five Pillars of Islam are optical fusion with Allah in mind, spirit, and body and unifica tion within the Islamic communities with fellow Muslims. If the pillars were never in place, then it would be hard for Muslims to establish peaceful relations among all Islamic communities. There would be great differences in qualities of life of all Muslim families. Because of this, the Five Pillars of Islam is a vital tool in creating and maintaining the unity that Muslims have with one another and with the cultures and communities that are not of Islamic faith. Each pillar, or duty, must be performed completely in order for to truly be docile to Allah.